Skip to Main Content

Referencing (TAFE)

Elements

 

The in-text citation is used to indicate when the information has come from another source in the body of the text. 

  • Each in-text citation should have a matching entry in your reference list. 
  • The AMA style uses a numbering system for in-text citations.  
  • The numbers are in superscript1. 
  • Each new citation gets a new number, if you are referring to a source you have already cited, then use the same citation number as before. 

 

If you are using the authors' name, place the citation number directly after the author's surname. 

Millar's1 study shows a connection between... 

 

If the authors name is not included as part of the sentence, then the citation number is placed at the end of the sentence following the full stop. 

When the gradual loss of mental processes starts to substantially interrupt the ability to do day to day activities it is characterized as dementia.

 

For a direct quote use double quotation marks and include a page or paragraph number. 

There were an estimated 46.8 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2015.”1(p19) 

 

If citing more than one source at a time separate the citation numbers with a comma. 

While there is no cure for dementia, evidence suggests that you can do several things to reduce your risk factors2,3 

 

Punctuation and superscript numbers 

Place superscript numbers  

after  

"quotation marks"2   

commas,

(parentheses)

full stops.

and before 

semicolons6;

colons7

 

  • The reference list is in numerical order

  • Number each entry in the order that they appear in-text. 

  • The reference list does not start on a new page, but after a space or at the end of your document. 

  • Place the word REFERENCES in capitals in line with the left margin at the top of your list. 

  • Double space between each citation. 

 

In-text Citation 

Authors are only included in-text when using a narrative citation, where the author becomes part of the sentence. When using authors in-text, only include their surname.  

1 - 2 Authors 

For two authors include both author surnames separated with an 'and'. 

Smith and Jones'sstudy indicate a link between...

3 + Authors 

Include the first authors surname followed by et al (no full stop) when used in-text 

Millar et al reported an increase in...

 

*Go to the in-text section for examples on how to format the in-text citations with superscript numerals. 

 

Reference List 

The reference list includes the authors surname followed by initials omitting full stops between initials. 

Author AB.  

Author names are listed divided by only a comma. At the end of the last author put a full stop. 

 

1-6 Authors  

List all authors up to 6 authors. 

  1. Austen J. 

  2. Dickens C, Anderson HC. 

  3. Verne J, Melville H, Orwell G. 

  1. Carroll L, Dahl R, Rowling JK, Tolkien JRR. 

  2. Christie A, Doyle AC, Poe EA, James PD, Grisham J. 

  3. Lewis CS, Fox M, Martin B Jr, Carle E, Donaldson J, Allen P. 

 

7 + authors  

For 7 plus authors only list the first 3 authors followed by et al. 

  1. Dick PK, Asimov I, Clarke AC, et al. 

 

Group Authors 

Separate group authors with a semi colon. 

 

  1. Nursing and Midwifery Board. 

  1. Nursing and Midwifery Board; Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency  

 

Combination Group and Individual Authors 

If authors are a combination of individuals and a group, add the group author at the end separated by a semi colon. 

Briggs J; University of Adelaide.   

 

 

A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique combination of numbers and letters that identifies a document and provides a link to its location. 

The DOI does not change even if a linked URL of the actual resource changes. 

Most journal articles have a DOI and some eBooks. 

 

10.15253/2175-6783.2017000300014 

 

When referencing in AMA add doi: in front of the 10. 

doi:10.15253/2175-6783.2017000300014  

 

Always include a DOI if available, if you include a DOI you don't need to include a URL and access date. 

Note there is NO full stop at the end of a DOI. 

“There were an estimated 46.8 million people worldwide living with dementia in 2015.”1(p19)   Rahman and Howard1 go on to explain that dementia is caused by many different diseases. When the gradual loss of mental processes starts to substantially interrupt the ability to do day to day activities it is characterized as dementia.​

While there is no cure for dementia, evidence suggests that you can do some things to reduce your risk factors, such as maintaining a healthy heart, being physically and mentally active and quitting smoking.2

Analysis of Australian studies show that there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of dementia among both aged care staff and family members.3

Avoiding distractions and noise, maintaining eye contact and keeping your sentences short and clear are suggestions to improve communications with patients with advanced dementia.4

 

REFERENCES

  1. Rahman S, Howard R. Essentials of Dementia: Everything You Really Need to Know for Working in Dementia Care. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2018.

  1. What puts someone at risk of developing dementia? Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Updated September 13, 2014. Accessed January 22, 2025. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/dementia/dementia-in-aus/contents/understanding-dementia/what-puts-someone-at-risk-of-developing-dementia

​​

  1. Evripidou M, Charalambous A, Middleton N, Papastavrou E. Nurses’ knowledge and attitudes about dementia care: systematic literature review. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2019;55(1):48–60. doi:10.1111/ppc.12291 

  1. Kendall N. Namaste Care for People Living with Advanced Dementia: A Practical Guide For Carers and Professionals. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2020. Accessed January 22, 2025.  https://viewer.ebscohost.com/EbscoViewerService/ebook?an=2112305&callbackUrl=https%3a%2f%2fresearch.ebsco.com&db=e000xww&format=EK&profId=eds&lpid=&ppid=&lang=en&location=https%3a%2f%2fresearch.ebsco.com%2fc%2f7jplh7%2fsearch%2fdetails%2fb5gj3ljovb%3flimiters%3dFT1%253AY%26q%3dNamaste%2520Care%2520For%2520People%2520Living%2520With%2520Advanced%2520Dementia%2520%253A%2520A%2520Practical%2520Guide%2520For%2520Carers%2520And%2520Professionals.&isPLink=False&requestContext=&profileIdentifier=7jplh7&recordId=b5gj3ljovb

Copyright and disclaimer