In-text Citation
Rule = (Author Year) OR Author (Year) OR (Author Year:page number)
The arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, also brought a powerful weapon to take control of the land, their own laws (Marks 2022).
OR
According to Marks (2022), the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788 brought with it a powerful tool to take control of the continent – their own laws.
OR
‘When they arrived on the Australian continent in … 1788, … officers of the First Fleet brought … their own law’ (Marks 2022:23).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Eskilson SJ (2023) Digital design: a history, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Marks R (2022) Black lives, white law: locked up and locked out in Australia, La Trobe University Press, Collingwood.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author and Author Year) OR Author and Author (Year) OR (Author and Author Year:page number)
The components of an engine are a cylinder, piston, connecting rod and crankshaft (Gilles and LeVan 2024).
OR
According to Gilles and LeVan (2024), the components of an engine are a cylinder, piston, connecting rod and crankshaft.
OR
‘A simple reciprocating engine has a cylinder, a piston, a connecting rod, and a crankshaft’ (Gilles and LeVan 2024:2).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA and Author BB (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Gilles T and LeVan T (2024) Automotive engines: diagnosis, repair, rebuilding, 9th edn, Cengage, Boston.
Mulvaney P and Mulvaney F (2023) Ground breaking: soil security and climate change, rev. edn, Kerr Publishing, Melbourne.
Note: For a work by three or more authors, use the first author’s surname plus the Latin term ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) for the In-text Citation. Do not use italics for ‘et al.’. All authors names are to be included in the Reference List
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author et al. Year) OR Author et al. (Year) OR (Author et al. Year:page number)
One of the most crucial aspects of a marketing plan is promotion as it provides visibility (Aicher et al. 2020).
OR
According to Aicher et al. (2020), one of the most crucial aspects of a marketing plan is promotion as it provides visibility.
OR
‘Promotion is the most visible aspect of the marketing plan …’ (Aicher et al. 2020:161).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA, Author BB, Author CC and Author DD (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Aicher, TJ, Newland BL and Paule-Koba, AL (2020) Sport facility and event management, 2nd edn, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington.
Cole K, Rule T, Noble J, Slingo K and Worth B (2023) Leadership & management: theory & practice, 8th edn, Cengage Learning Australia, Southbank.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Editor ed Year) OR (Editor ed Year:page number)
To design a space requires knowledge of the conditions under which they will be constructed (Deplazes ed 2018).
OR
‘Conceiving and designing space … are only possible when I know the conditions of realisation and can master them as well’ (Deplazes ed 2018:19).
Reference List
Rule = Editor E (ed) (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Deplazes A (ed) (2018) Constructing architecture: materials processes structures: a handbook, Birkhauser, Basel.
Faulkner S (ed) (2024) Growing up Torres Strait Islander in Australia, Black Inc, Collingwood.
Long T and Robertson T (eds) (2020) Foundations of therapeutic recreation, Human Kinetics, Champaign.
Note: Refer only to the author in the in-text citation. Refer to both the author and the editor in the reference list.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author Year) OR Author (Year) OR (Author Year:page number)
The influence of reality television programs has changed the relationship people have with nature (Warden 2022).
OR
Warden (2022) believes reality television programs dealing with survival situations have changed the way we look at nature.
OR
‘One example of our changing relationship with nature is the growth in popularity of television series such as ‘I’m a Celebrity, Get Me Out of here’ or other … survival-type programmes …’ (Warden 2022:41).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book (Editor E ed), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Molvar K (2021) The new beauty: a modern look at beauty, culture and fashion (Servert A and Klanten R eds), Gestalten, Berlin.
Warden C (2022) Green teaching: nature pedagogies for climate change & sustainability (Spencer D ed), Corwin, Thousand Oaks.
Note: If known, supply the original date of the work and the date of the translation.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author Year) OR Author (Year) OR (Author Year:page number)
Before the early 20th century, a monochrome painting was one that used different shades of a single colour (Viéville 2023).
OR
According to Viéville (2023) before the early 1900s, a monochrome painting was one that used different shades of a single colour.
OR
‘Until the early twentieth century, the term monochrome referred to a painting executed in shades of a single color …’ (Viéville 2023:36).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) English title of book: subtitle of book (Translator T trans), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Drudi E and Paci T (2021) Figure drawing for men’s fashion (Sayers E trans), Promopress, Barcelona.
Viéville C (2023) Color: a master class: art history, symbolism, masterpieces, techniques (Robinson K trans), Flammarion, Paris.
Note: In your writing, name the original source and use the secondary source for the intext citation. Only enter the secondary source in the reference list. This will show that you are citing a source that you have not read personally but has been quoted in another source which you have read. In the example below, you have read Mordue, who is quoting Nick Cave, but you have not read Nick Cave directly.
In-text Citation
Rule = Primary Source Author (as cited in Secondary Source Author Year:page number)
Cave (as cited in Mordue 2020:9-10) romantically extols over Ned Kelly, particularly enthusiastic in his description of his appearance.
Reference List
Rule = Secondary source Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Mordue M (2020) Boy on fire: the young Nick Cave, HarperCollins Australia, Sydney.
Note: If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in date order in the reference list. If the titles are published in the same year, add ‘a’, ‘b’, and so on to the date for both the intext citation and reference list entries.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author Year) OR Author (Year) OR (Author Year:page number)
In a childcare setting, there are many aspects to supervising children, both within the centre premises and off site, such as the different abilities of children to relate to others (Kearns 2021b) right through to an awareness of traffic information for excursion planning (Kearns 2021a).
OR
According to Kearns, there are many aspects to supervising children, both within the centre premises and off site, such as the different abilities of children to relate to others (2021b) right through to an awareness of traffic information for excursion planning (2021a).
OR
When supervising children ‘… consideration must be given to … the ability of the child to share, collaborate and interact with peers” (Kearns 2021b:284) as well as external factors such as “… access live traffic information prior to setting out …’ (Kearns 2021a:90).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Costin GP (2020) Construction technology for builders, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.
Costin GP (2021) Construction skills, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.
Kearns K (2021a) The business of childcare, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.
Kearns K (2021b) Framework for learning and development, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.
Note: If a reference list includes publications by authors with the same family name/surname/last name, include authors initials in all intext citations, even if the year of publication is different, to assist in differentiating between the sources.
In-text Citation
Rule = AA Author (Year) and BB Author (Year)
There are those that believe (Adams R 1988) that there is a significant difference in style ... whereas, others have the view that .... is based on technique (Adams A 1983).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Adams A (1983) Examples: the making of 40 photographs, Little Brown and Company, Boston.
Adams R (1988) Perfect times, perfect places, Aperture, New York.
Editions
Note: Include the edition information in the reference list entry. Abbreviate edition as ‘edn’ without a full stop. Include the year of publication of the edition you are using. The edition statement is used only for second and later editions, not the first edition. It is also used for regional editions, such as Australia and New Zealand edition or International edition.
In-text Citation
Rule = (Author Year) OR Author (Year) OR (Author Year:page number)
There is a range of weight training equipment available, and you need to be able to use each piece of equipment safely (Baechle and Earle 2020).
OR
Baechle and Earle (2020) remind us of importance of safe use of the variety of equipment available for weight training.
OR
‘There is a variety of equipment commonly used in a weight training program. It is important that you understand the characteristics of the different types of equipment and how to use them safely and correctly’ (Baechle and Earle 2020:11).
Reference List
Rule = Author AA (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, xxx edn, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Baechle TR and Earle RW (2020) Weight training: steps to success, 5th edn, Human Kinetics, Illinois.
Marieb EN (2015) Essentials of human anatomy & physiology, 11th Global edn, Pearson Education Limited, Essex.
Nordmann L and Day A (2018) Professional beauty therapy, 3rd Australian and New Zealand edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne.
Dates
Note: For sources that do not have a date of publication, substitute n.d. (which means no date) in place of the Year of Publication. Sources mostly likely to have no date are generally web-based.