In-text citation
Rule: (Author Year)
(Electric Vehicle Council 2020)
(World Health Assembly 2018)
Reference list
Rule: Author, AA (Year of publication) Title of work, Report No. xxx, Publisher, Place of publication.
Online
When the author and the publisher are the same, omit the publisher.
For reports in PDF format, link to the page that hosts the PDF. Avoid linking directly to the PDF. Landing pages are more stable.
Rule: Author, AA (Year of publication) Title of work, Report No. xxx, Publisher, accessed Day Month Year, http://xxxxx
Electric Vehicle Council (2020) State of electric vehicles, report, Electric Vehicle Council, accessed 21 June 2021, https://electricvehiclecouncil.com.au
World Health Assembly 71 (2018) Health, environment and climate change: report by the Director-General, World Health Organisation, accessed 23 June 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/276332
Taronga Conservation Society Australia (2020) Leading the recovery: Annual report 2019-2020, accessed 29 June 2021, https://taronga.org.au/about/publications#annualreports
Industry and Company Reports
In-text citation
When able, use a shortened form of the name of an organisation.
Rule: (Author Year) or Author (Year)
(AACo 2019)
(Wesfarmers 2020)
(Barry 2020)
Reference list
Rule: Author, AA (Year of publication) Title of work, Report No. xxx, Publisher, Place of publication.
Online
After using a shortened form of the name of an organisation, start the reference list entry with the shortened form of the name, followed by the full name in brackets.
If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF as this is more stable and does not require a download.
Rule: Author, AA (Year of publication) Title of work, Report No. xxx, (if provided), Publisher, accessed Day Month Year, http://xxxxx or name of database.
AACo (Australian Agricultural Company) (2019) Sustainability benchmarking report 2019, AACo, (accessed 24 June 2021, https://aaco.com.au/about-us/environment-sustainability
Wesfarmers (2020) 2020 Annual report, Wesfarmers, accessed 29 June 2021, https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/
Barry, M (2020) Restaurants in Australia, (industry report H4511A), IBISWorld, accessed 25 June 2021, https://my-ibisworld-com.tafeqld.idm.oclc.org/au/en/industry/h4511a/about.
The industry report example above is taken from our IBISWorld database.
Government Report
In-text citation
Rule: Use the abbreviation for an organisation's name in all in-text citations.
(GBRMPA 2019)
(Queensland Health 2020)
Reference list
If you use a shortened form of the name of an agency or department, start the reference list entry with the shortened form of the name, followed by the full name in brackets. In addition, provide the name of the department and government after the title.
Rule: Author A or Agency name (Year) Title of report: subtitle of report, Name of Agency, Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year, https://xxxxx
GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) (2019) Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2019, GBRMPA, Australian Government, accessed 21 June 2021, https://hdl.handle.net/11017/3474
Queensland Health (2020) The health of Queenslanders 2020: Report of the Chief Health Officer Queensland, Queensland Health, Queensland Government, accessed 27 June 20201, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/research-reports/reports/public-health/cho-report/current/full
One Author
In-text citation
Rule: (Author Year) or Author (Year)
(Cole 2019) or Cole (2019)
Reference list
Rule: Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Cole K (2019) Leadership & Management: theory and practice, 7th edn, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest.
Gimenez J (2011) Writing for nursing and midwifery students, 2nd edn, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke.
Two (2) authors
In-text citation
List all authors in every citation: use 'and' instead of '&'
Rule: (Author and Author Year: page number)
'Goal setting starts with top managers' (Samson and Daft 2011:57)
OR Author and Author (Year: page number)...
Samson and Daft (2011:57) argues that top managers set the goals for their institute and departments.
Reference list
Rule: Author AA and Author BB (Year) Title of work: subtitle, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Samson D and Daft R (2011) Fundamentals of management, Thomson, South Melbourne, Victoria.
Three (3) or More Authors
In-text citation
For a work by 3 or more authors, use the first author’s name plus the Latin term ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’). Don’t use italics for ‘et al.’. All authors’ names are included in the reference list.
Rule: (Author et al. Year)
Rule: Author et al. (Year)
(Weygandt et al. 2012)
Weygandt et al. (2012)
Reference List
Rule: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC and Author, DD (Year) Title of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication .
Weygandt JJ, Kimmel PD, Kieso DE and Mladenovic-McAlpine R (2012) Accounting: building business skills, 4th edn, John Wiley, Milton Qld.
Corporate Authors/ Organisations
For in-text citations, use the abbreviation of an organisations' name when that organisation is the author.
In-text citation
Rule: (Abbreviation of the organisation's name year) or Abbreviation of the organisation's name (year)
(DFAT 2020) or DFAT (2020)
Reference list
In the reference list, write the abbreviation first followed by the full name of the organisation in brackets. When citing web pages, the author and the publisher are often the same. To avoid repetition of long names, use the shortened form for the name of the website after the title.
Rule: Abbreviation of the organisation (full name of the organisation) (Year) Title, [format], Publisher, accessed date DDMMYYYY, URL
DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) (2020) Australia - Singapore digital economy agreement: fact sheet [online document], DFAT, accessed 16 June 2021, https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/services-and-digital-trade/australia-singapore-digital-economy-agreement-fact-sheet
Edited Book
In-text citation
Rule: Editor (ed Year) or (Editor ed Year)
Gold (ed 1999) or (Gold ed 1999)
Reference List
Rule: Editor E (ed) (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Gold M (ed) (1999) A Kurt Lewin reader: the complete social scientist, American Psychological Association, Washington.
Ransley J and Ingram H (eds) (2011) Developing hospitality properties and facilities, Butterworth-Heinmann, Oxford.
Author and Editor
In-text citation
Refer only to the author in the in-text, refer to both in the reference list.
Rule: (Author Year) or Author (Year)
(Foucault 2003)
or Foucault (2003)
Reference list
Rule: Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book (Editor E ed), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Foucault M (2003) Abnormal: lectures at the Collège de France (Marchetti W and Salomoni A ed), Picador, New York.
Translated Book
If known, supply the original date of the work and the date of the translation.
In-text citation
Rule: (Author year) or Author (year)
(Piaget 1969) or Piaget (1969)
If the original date is known
Rule: (Author Original Year/Translation Year)
(LaPlace 1814/1951)
Reference list
Rule: Author A (Year) English title of book: subtitle of book (Translator T trans), Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Piaget J (1969) The psychology of the child (Weaver H trans), Basic Books, New York.
LaPlace P (1951) A philosophical essay on probabilities (Truscott FW and Emory FL trans), Dover, New York.
Author quoted in another work (secondary sources)
In the text, name the original source and give the citation for the secondary source. Only give the secondary source in the reference list. This means you are citing a source that you have not directly read but has been quoted in another work which you have read. In this example, you have read Burnett, who is citing Mandela but you have not read Mandela directly. You would like to cite Mandela.
In-text citation
Rule: Primary author (as cited in Secondary Author Year, page number)
Mandela (as cited in Burnett 2010: 625)
Reference list
List only the secondary source (i.e. author/editor of the book read)
Rule: Secondary Author AA (Year) Title of Secondary Work, Publisher, Location.
Burnett A (ed 2010) Chambers book of speeches, Chambers, Edinburgh.
Two items by the same author
If you have multiple works by the same author, list them in date order in the reference list.
In-text citation
Rule: (Author Year) or Author (Year)
Reference list
Rule: Author AA (1st Year of publication) Title of work, Publisher, Location.
Rule: Author AA (2nd Year of publication) Title of work, Publisher, Location.
Kearns K (2010) The big picture, 2nd edn, Pearson, Frenchs Forest.
Kearns K (2014) The business of child care, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne.
Two or more Authors with same family name
If a reference list includes publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname, include first author's initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication is different.
In-text citation
Rule: Initials of the first author and second author (Year)
Among studies, we reviewed MA Light and Light 2008 and I Light 2006 ...
Reference list
Rule: Author AA and Author, BB (Year of publication) Title of work, Publisher, Location.
Light I (2006) Deflecting immigration: networks, markets, and regulation in Los Angeles, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Light MA and Light IH (2008) 'The geographical expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for the local law enforcement' Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8:73-82.
Digital Object identifiers (DOI)
The style manual states that a DOI is a series of numbers and punctuation that identifies a document. Unlike a URL, a DOI always stays the same. DOIs are also internationally standardised. Works that have DOIs include most journal articles, some e-books and some PDFs.If the document has a DOI, include it in the citation in the reference list. Put it at the end of the citation and include the shortened form ‘doi’ in lower case before it.
Journal
Rule: Author AA (Year of publication)' Title of article', Title of Journal, volume no (issue no.):page nos. xx-xx, doi: xxx
Ewert D (2014) 'Content-learning tasks for adult ESL learners: promoting literacy for work or school', TESOL Journal, 5 (2):265-287, doi :10.1002/tesj.119
ebook
Rule: Author A (Year) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, doi:number
Paul W and Sharma CP (2015) Advances in wound healing materials: science and skin engineering, Smithers Rapra, doi: 10.15347/wjm/2014.008. 5
If publication date is not available use no date or circa (about.approxmately) c. before the year.
No date
For sources that do not have a date of publication, substitute ‘n.d.’ (no date) after the name of the author.
For example:
In-text citation
Rule: (Author n.d.) or Author (n.d.)
(Southey n.d.) or Southey (n.d.)
Reference List
Southey R (n.d), The life of Nelson, Blackie, London, England.
Approximate date or estimated date
In text citation
Rule: (Author c. Year)
Rule: (Author Year?)
For example:
Southey (c.1977)
(Southey 1977?)
Page Numbers
The Style manual states that page numbers should be included in text citation only if the work has page numbers and you are using 'direct quotes' from another person's work. You may also want to add page numbers to paraphrases and summaries in some circumstances or desired.
When including page numbers in your intext citations use a colon between the date and the page number or range of page numbers.
Book Print
Rule : (Author Year:page no) or Author (Year:page no.)
Example:
Single page citation: 'Many studies exist which focus on some of the individual elements of the learner journey' (Pittaway 2019:4).
Using author as part of the sentence: Pittaway (2019:4) states that ' Many studies exist which focus on some of the individual elements of the learner journey'.
Using a range of pages for citation: (Pittaway 2019:20-25)
E-resources
Rule : (Author Year: para no) or Author (Year: paragraph no.)
Single page citation: ' Australian funds will support WFP' (DFAT 2021:3).
Using author as part of the sentence: The DFAT (20121:para 3) states that ' Australian funds will support WFP'.
Using a range of pages for citation: (DFAT 2021:4-7)
Direct quote 40 words or more
Display the quote in a freestanding block of text and omit the quotation marks. Start the block quotation on a new line and indent the block about 1 cm or half inch from the left margin. At the end of a block cite the quoted source or alternatively if the quote source is mentioned in beginning of the sentence then only the page or paragraph numbers are needed at the end.
According to Gimenez (2011:48-49) critical thinking is being able to reflect on your practice is an important part of the broader process of becoming a critical thinker. Being a good critical thinker means that you can assess the arguments presented by other people to see if they are logical, well thought out, and properly supported with relevant evidence. It is an ability that you can use when you read as well as when you listen to someone presenting a point of view or proposing an action .
Using Quotes
The style manual specifies the use of single quotation marks ('quote') for direct quotes.
Australian Government (2021) Style Manual, accessed 24 May 2021, https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/style-rules-and-conventions/referencing-and-attribution/author-date
Monash University (2020) Harvard (2020 EDN), viewed 3 June 2021, https://guides.lib.monash.edu/citing-referencing/harvard2020-intro.