Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may contain names of people who have since passed away.
The term Indigenous Australian is used in this page and refers to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
References to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander authors or communities need to note, when the information is provided with the resource:
If the author is not known we use Unrecorded in place of the author.
If the author is the same as the publisher, omit publisher information.
If the work is untitled we use Untitled in place of the title.
If the work is a collaboration between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous authors, write the name of the Indigenous creator after their Country/Language information.
Book
Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. Publisher.
Author, individual or community, from the same place
In-text
...consider the term health is an English language term (Nganampa Health Council, 1991)
Reference list
Nganampa Health Council. (1991). Anangu way. Anangu Pitjantjatjara, north-western South Australia.
If there are multiple Indigenous Australian authors from different places, write the name of the author after their Country/Language information.
In-text
...a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).
Reference list
Murphy, J. & Kennedy, L. (2016). Welcome to country. Wurundjeri, Melbourne, VIC (Murphy), Trawlwoolway, Tasmania (Kennedy). Blackdog Books.
If the work is a collaboration between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous authors, write the name of the Indigenous Australian creator after their Country/Language information.
eBook
Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. Publisher.
Behrendt, L. (2012). Indigenous Australia for dummies. Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, north-western New South Wales. Wiley.
Web page
Author, A. A. (Year). Title. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. http:xxxx.
Yugambeh Museum. (2019). Language resources. Yugambeh, South East Queensland. https://www.yugambeh.com/language-resources
References to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artworks, designs, objects, or images need to note when the information is included with the material:
If the author is not known we use Unrecorded in place of the author.
If the work is untitled we use Untitled in place of the title.
This page includes examples of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander materials that are viewed online and in person.
Viewed online
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title [Type of artwork]. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from http:xxx.xx
Viewed in person
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title [Type of artwork]. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. Location: Repository.
In-text
...as portrayed in Gabori’s work (2005).
Reference list
Gabori, M. (2005). My country [Painting]. Kaiadilt, Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Queensland Art Gallery. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/objects/22327
If the image is untitled, use the word Untitled in place of a title.
In-text
In 2018, Napangati...
Reference list
Napangati, Y. (2018). Untitled. Papunya Tula, Northern Territory, Australia, Art Gallery of NSW. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/wynne/2018/30021/
If the creator is not known we use Unrecorded in place of the creator.
The date in this example means the work was created over those two years.
If there is no date we write “n.d”.
If the year is only known approximately we write “c” in front of the year or use a range of years.
In-text
...meaning and knowledge (Unrecorded, 1912-13).
Reference list
Unrecorded. (1912-13). Ancestor and snake [Painting]. Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/ancestor-and-snake/uwHcQPaRPH7dxw
If there are multiple Indigenous Australian creators from the same place, write their names after the Country/Language information.
In-text
George and Cooper (2018) ...
Reference list
George, W., & Cooper, T. (2018). Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting]. APY Lands (George & Cooper), NSW, Bega Valley Regional Gallery. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://gallery.begavalley.nsw.gov.au/cp_themes/default/page.asp?p=DOC-NRA-53-47-28
If there are multiple Indigenous Australian creators from different places, write the name of the creator after their Country/Language information.
In-text
(Timbrey & Jones, 2015)
Reference list
Timbrey, E., & Jones, J. (2015). Shell Wall [Art installation]. Bidjigal/Eora (Timbrey), La Perouse, NSW, Australia, Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi (Jones), NSW, Australia, Barangaroo Delivery Authority. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.barangaroo.com/see-do-stay/shell-wall-2015
If the work is a collaboration between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous creators, write the name of the Indigenous creator after their Country/Language information.
In-text
(Jagamara & Tillers, 2017)
Reference list
Jagamara, M. N., & Tillers, I. (2017). Metafisica Australe 2017 [Painting]. Warlpiri/Luritja (Jagamara), Papunya region, Northern Territory, Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA). Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisica-australe/
If the work has been photographed and you know the name of the photographer, list the photographer before the publisher.
In-text
… demonstrated in the photographs of the location (Unrecorded, n.d.).
Reference list
Unrecorded. (n.d.). Baiame cave [Rock art]. Wonnarua people, Hunter Valley, NSW, photographed by R. Downie, Flickr. Retrieved March 19, 2019, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/robertdownie/23277332960/
Viewed in person:
If the work was viewed in person (i.e. viewed by you) use the following format:
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title [Type of work]. Nation or Country, Language group, Place of Nation or Country. Museum/Gallery/Site, Location of Museum/Gallery/Site.
If the work was viewed in person in a museum or gallery by a single Indigenous creator.
In-text
(Carmichael, 2017)
Reference list
Carmichael, S. (2017). Deranji Dabayil (rocky place, healing waters): Baskets of culture 2017 [Commercial raffia and ghost net strands]. Ngugi people of Quandamooka, Minjerribah, North Stradbroke Island. Queensland
Gallery of Art, Brisbane, QLD.
If the work is a collaboration between Indigenous Australian and non-Indigenous creators, write the name of the Indigenous creator after their Country/Language information.
Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (1996). Untitled [public sculpture, goanna]. Waanyi, North Queensland (Watson).
Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, QLD.
If the work was viewed in situ, in this example the use of a forward slash in the year indicates a work was begun at an earlier date and added to later.
In-text
Unrecorded. (1860/1940)
Reference list
Unrecorded. (1860/1940). Solid white female figure [Rock painting]. Maung language group, Wellington Range, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Djulirri, Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory.
Adapted from the University of Technology Sydney library guide to referencing Indigenous material by Danièle Hromek & Sophie Herbert licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).