A digital object identifier (DOI) is a combination of letters and numbers string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content. The publisher assigns a DOI when your article is published and made available electronically.
It is recommended that when DOIs are available, include them for both print and electronic sources. The DOI is usually located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice. The DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the article.
example
Journal
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pp. xxx-xxx. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Pashkova-Balkenhol, T., Lenker, M., Cox, E., & Kocevar-Weidinger, E. (2019). Should we flip the script?: A literature review of deficit-based perspectives on first-year undergraduate students’ information literacy. Journal of Information Literacy, 13(2), 92-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.11645/13.2.2619
Ebook
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi
Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
For example:
In-text citation
( Author, n.d.)
(Southey, n.d.)
In-text citation quotation
(Author, Year, p. x)
(McNeill, 1998, p. 21)
In-text citation
(Author, Year)
Author (Year)
(McNeill, 1998)
McNeill (1998)
Reference list entry
Note: Do not include database information or the URL if an article is from a database (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 317). Academic database information is now left out as works are widely available (American Psychological Association, 2019, para. 5). The exception to this are databases with ‘original, proprietary content’ such as the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and monographs published in ERIC (American Psychological Association, 2019, para. 14; American Psychological Association, 2020).
To find more on Digital Object Identifier (DOI) please go to the DOI information page
Journal article from database without DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages.
McNeill, W. (1998). Care for the self: Ordinary ethics in Heidegger and Foucault. Philosophy Today, 42(1), 53-64.
Journal article from the Web
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages. https://xxxxx or https://doi.org/xxxxx
Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science, 363(6422), 33-34. https://doi.org.10.1126/science.aau7988
Peckham, M. (2017, June 11). Minecraft is getting an update that will change everything. Time, 189(23). http://time.com/4810005/minecraft-pc-smartphone-switch-xbox/
Journal without a DOI, with a nondatabase URL
Ahman, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review of ADHD coaching researching: Implications for college students. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31(1), 17-39. https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31