A digital object identifier (DOI) is a combination of letters and numbers string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content. The publisher assigns a DOI when your article is published and made available electronically.
It is recommended that when DOIs are available, include them for both print and electronic sources. The DOI is usually located on the first page of the electronic journal article, near the copyright notice. The DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the article.
example
Journal
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pp. xxx-xxx. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Pashkova-Balkenhol, T., Lenker, M., Cox, E., & Kocevar-Weidinger, E. (2019). Should we flip the script?: A literature review of deficit-based perspectives on first-year undergraduate students’ information literacy. Journal of Information Literacy, 13(2), 92-111. https://dx.doi.org/10.11645/13.2.2619
Ebook
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher. https://doi
Brown, L. S. (2018). Feminist therapy (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000092-000
For example:
In-text citation
( Author, n.d.)
(Southey, n.d.)
If there is no title on an item, e.g. photo from the web, create a title and enter it in square brackets in place of the title (American Psychological Association, 2020, pp. 346-347).
[dog running on the beach]
The following instructions show you how to cite but not reproduce images. To reproduce an image, you may need to get permission. Use the in text citation when you are citing the image in the body of your work, and the reference list entry for your reference list at the end.
If you can't find who created an image on a site like Pintrest, try doing a reverse image search to see other pages where an image has been published. This may give you more information. This page demonstrates how to do a reverse image search.
Clip art or stock image
Note: You don’t need to reference clip art that is part of programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint. If you can’t find a title for the image, use a description in square brackets instead.
In text citation
(Creator, Year)
Creator (Year)
(Johnson, 2018)
Johnson (2018)
Reference list
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title of image in italics and sentence case [Clip art/Stock image]. Publisher. http://xxxxx
Johnson, G. D. (2018). Neural network deep learning prismatic [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/309343/neural-network-deep-learning-prismatic
Photograph
Note: The source is the name of the website the photograph was retrieved from (American Psychological Association, 2020).
In-text citation
(Creator, Year)
Creator (Year)
(McCurry, 1985)
McCurry (1985)
Reference list
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title of image in italics and sentence case [Photograph]. Publisher. http://xxxxx
McCurry, S. (1985). Afghan girl [Photograph]. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/national-geographic-magazine-50-years-of-covers/#/ngm-1985-jun-714.jpg
Rinaldi, J. (2016). [Photograph series of a boy who finds his footing after abuse by those he trusted]. The Pulitzer Prizes. https://www.pulitzer.org.winners/jessica-rinaldi
Infographic
In-text citation
(Creator, Year)
Creator (Year)
(Rossman & Palmer, 2015)
Rossman and Palmer (2015)
Reference list
Creator, A. A. (Year). Title of image in italics and sentence case [Infographic]. Publisher. http://xxxxx
Rossman, J., & Palmer, R. (2015). Sorting through our space junk [Infographic]. World Science Festival. https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/2015/11/space-junk-infographic
